Fascism in India: Race, Caste, and Hindutva

Luna Sabastian

Book cover for Fascism in India: Race, Caste, and Hindutva
Image for variant 9780674299436
Book cover for Fascism in India: Race, Caste, and Hindutva
Image for variant 9780674299436

Fascism in India: Race, Caste, and Hindutva

Fascism in India: Race, Caste, and Hindutva

Luna Sabastian

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Description

A revisionist account arguing that Indian nationalism served as a laboratory for fascist ideas that continue to animate the Hindutva political movement of today.

Fascism swept the world in the 1920s and 1930s, but not only because of the seductive rhetoric of Mussolini, Hitler, and their collaborators. In India as well, a distinctive brand of fascist thought emerged--influenced by Euro-American ideologies but also departing from them in critical ways. The first systematic examination of this political philosophy, Fascism in India revises our sense of what fascism can be, while demonstrating that it is very much with us in the form of Hindutva, the ethnonationalist movement at the center of Indian politics today.

Luna Sabastian offers a novel interpretation of Hindutva: both its canonical formulation by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and its reinvention by Deendayal Upadhyaya after Indian independence. Sabastian shows how Hindutva generated ideas of Hindu race and religion that had the potential to erase Muslims not through genocide or ethnic cleansing but by means of violent absorption. Focusing on aggressive miscegenation, Indian fascists proposed a singular kind of racial project, eschewing notions of purity even while maintaining a starkly eliminationist objective. Fascism in India also grapples with Hindutva ideas of caste and its relation to race--particularly in comparison with Nazi uses of these concepts--and of sovereignty, which Indian fascists envisioned beyond the "blood and soil" narrative of the nation-state. Finally, Sabastian reflects on Hindutva's reorientation toward Hindu piety after the creation of Pakistan effectively resolved India's "Muslim problem."

Bringing clarity to an ideology little understood in the West, Fascism in India is an eye-opening perspective on Hindutva and a profound meditation on the proliferation and evolution of right-wing thought.

Critical Reviews

Exceedingly few scholars have written about Savarkar and other Hindutva thinkers without glorifying or vilifying them. Luna Sabastian has done not just that but offered the key to understanding their philosophy and politics. This is a critical masterpiece.--Mithu Sanyal, author of Identitti

An exceptional study of Indian debates about and identifications with fascism in colonial times, as well as their resonances today. This is as much a work of Indian as of global intellectual history.--Faisal Devji, author of Muslim Zion

Rejecting the usual tendency to examine fascism in India in terms of its differences from the 'original' European version, Sabastian demonstrates that it was homegrown and yet fully engaged in interpreting the various imperialist, nationalist, socialist, and fascist currents of thought that shaped world politics in the twentieth century. Impressively researched and incisively argued, this remarkably intelligent book is a must-read for all students of global political thought.--Dipesh Chakrabarty, author of Provincializing Europe

This unusually well argued and deeply researched book is by far the most comprehensive, lucid, and ambitious discussion of how a range of twentieth-century Indian scholars, public intellectuals, and political thinkers developed fascist ideas. Luna Sabastian richly situates and contextualizes within Indian intellectual history as well as global academic and intellectual trends the many figures and works under discussion, which were extremely significant in their time but have since been largely forgotten or overshadowed by others. She manages to demonstrate, convincingly and refreshingly, that 'Indian fascism' is a distinct and discernible political-intellectual tradition.--Thomas Blom Hansen, author of The Saffron Wave

An astute intellectual history of Hindutva...a distinguishing characteristic of Indian fascism, Sabastian cannily argues, is its ability to annihilate the 'other' not through exclusion but through forced absorption...The result is a sharp look at how Hindutva aims to achieve its totalizing objectives.-- "Publishers Weekly" (9/23/2025 12:00:00 AM)

This powerful book persuasively argues that Hindutva, the virulent form of Hindu nationalism embraced by India's current leaders, is a fascist ideology. But Sabastian, a historian, shows that Hindutva is not a mere imitation of European fascism but an indigenous strain, shaped by local history and politics.--Pratap Bhanu Mehta "Foreign Affairs" (2/17/2026 12:00:00 AM)

Publishing Information

Publisher: Harvard University Press
Pub date: 2025-12-09
Length: 296 pages

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